Part I
The limits of empiricism.
Part II
The gap
Part III
Causes and effects
Part IV
Causal intuitions
@Comment{refnotes, namespace = "bibtex" } @Article{Berliner1980, title = {Backgammon Computer Program Beats World Champion}, author = {Hans J. Berliner}, year = 1980, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, volume = 14, pages = {205-220}, url = {http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/BackgammonProgramBeatsWorldChamp/} } @Article{Bottou2013, author = {Léon Bottou and Jonas Peters and Joaquin Quiñonero-Candela and Denis X. Charles and D. Max Chickering and Elon Portugaly and Dipankar Ray and Patrice Simard and Ed Snelson}, title = {Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems: The Example of Computational Advertising}, journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research}, year = 2013, volume = 14, pages = {3207-3260}, month = {Nov}, url = {http://jmlr.org/papers/v14/bottou13a.html}, } @Article{Chalupka2017, author = {Krzysztof Chalupka and Frederik Eberhardt and Pietro Perona}, title = {Causal feature learning: an overview}, journal = {Behaviormetrika}, year = 2017, volume = 44, number = 1, pages = {137-164}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41237-016-0008-2} } @Article{Charig1986, author = {C. R. Charig and D. R. Webb and S. R. Payne and J. E. A. Wickham }, title = {Comparison of Treatment of Renal Calculi by Open Surgery, Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, and Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy.}, journal = {British Medical Journal (Clin Res Ed)}, year = 1986, volume = 292, number = 6254, pages = {879--882}, } @InCollection{Gibson1977, author = {James J Gibson}, title = {The Theory of Affordances}, booktitle = {The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception}, publisher = {Taylor & Francis}, year = 1977, chapter = 8, url = {https://monoskop.org/images/c/c6/Gibson_James_J_1977_1979_The_Theory_of_Affordances.pdf} }
@Comment{refnotes, namespace = "bibtex" } @Book{Hsu2004, title = {Behind Deep Blue, Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion}, author = {Feng-hsiung Hsu}, year = 2004, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, url = {https://press.princeton.edu/titles/7342.html}, } @Book{ImbensRubin2015, author = {Guido W. Imbens and Donald B. Rubin}, title = {Causal Inference in Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 2015, url = {https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/books/causal-inference-statistics-social-biomedical-sciences} } @Article{Kohavi2008, author = {Ron Kohavi and Roger Longbotham and Dan Sommerfield and Randal M. Henne}, title = {Controlled Experiments on the Web: Survey and Practical Guide}, journal = {Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery}, year = 2008, volume = 18, number = 1, pages = {140--181}, month = {July} } @inproceedings{Krizhevsky2012, author = {Alex Krizhevsky and Ilya Sutskever and Geoffrey E. Hinton}, title = {ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks}, booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25: 26th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2012. Proceedings of a meeting held December 3-6, 2012, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, United States.}, pages = {1106--1114}, year = {2012}, url = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/4824-imagenet-classification-with-deep-convolutional-neural-networks}, } @Book{Lewis1973, author = {David K. Lewis}, title = {Counterfactuals}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, year = 1973, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/title/counterfactuals/oclc/490009333} } @InProceedings{LopezPaz2017, author = {David Lopez-Paz and Robert Nishihara and Soumith Chintala and Bernhard Schölkopf and Léon Bottou}, title = {Discovering causal signals in images}, OPTcrossref = {}, OPTkey = {}, OPTbooktitle = {Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)}, OPTyear = {2017}, url = {http://leon.bottou.org/papers/lopezpaz-2017} } @inproceedings{Matan1990, author = {Ofer Matan and Christopher J. C. Burges and Yann LeCun and John S. Denker}, title = {Multi-Digit Recognition Using a Space Displacement Neural Network}, booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 4]}, pages = {488--495}, year = {1991}, url = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/557-multi-digit-recognition-using-a-space-displacement-neural-network}, } @Misc{McCarthy1955, author = {McCarthy, John and Minsky, Marvin and Rochester, Nat and Shannon, Claude E.}, title = {A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence}, year = {1955}, url = {http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html} } @Book{MumfordAnjum2011, author = {Stephen Mumford and Rani Lill Anjum}, title = {Getting Causes from Powers}, publisher = {OUP Oxford}, year = 2011, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/title/getting-causes-from-powers/oclc/949799640}, }
@Comment{refnotes, namespace = "bibtex" } @Book{Pearl1988, author = {Judea Pearl}, title = {Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems}, publisher = {Morgan-Kaufmann}, year = 1988 } @Book{Pearl2009, author = {Judea Pearl}, title = {Causality}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 2009, address = {New York}, url = {http://bayes.cs.ucla.edu/BOOK-09/causality2-excerpts.htm} } @article{Samuel1959, author = {Arthur L. Samuel}, title = {Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers}, journal = {{IBM} Journal of Research and Development}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {210--229}, year = {1959}, url = {https://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans/greatworks/samuel1959.pdf} } @article{Silver2016, author = {Silver, David and Huang, Aja and Maddison, Chris J. and Guez, Arthur and Sifre, Laurent and van den Driessche, George and Schrittwieser, Julian and Antonoglou, Ioannis and Panneershelvam, Veda and Lanctot, Marc and Dieleman, Sander and Grewe, Dominik and Nham, John and Kalchbrenner, Nal and Sutskever, Ilya and Lillicrap, Timothy and Leach, Madeleine and Kavukcuoglu, Koray and Graepel, Thore and Hassabis, Demis}, journal = {Nature}, pages = {484-489}, title = {Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search}, url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v529/n7587/full/nature16961.html}, volume = {529}, year = {2016} } @Article{Simpson1951, author = {Simpson, Edward H. }, title = {The Interpretation of Interaction in Contingency Tables}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Ser. B}, year = 1951, volume = 13, pages = {238--241} } @Book{Spirtes2001, author = {Peter Spirtes and Clark Glymour and Richard Scheines}, title = {Causation, Prediction, and Search, 2nd edition}, publisher = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, year = {2001}, url = {http://cognet.mit.edu/book/causation-prediction-and-search} } @Article{Stigler1992, author = {Stephen M. Stigler}, title = {A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research}, journal = {American Journal of Education}, year = 1992, volume = 101, number = 1, pages = {60-70}, month = {Nov}} @inproceedings{Taigman2014, author = {Yaniv Taigman and Ming Yang and Marc'Aurelio Ranzato and Lior Wolf}, title = {DeepFace: Closing the Gap to Human-Level Performance in Face Verification}, booktitle = {Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)}, pages = {1701--1708}, year = {2014}, url = {https://research.fb.com/publications/deepface-closing-the-gap-to-human-level-performance-in-face-verification}, } @Article{Tesauro1989, title = {Temporal Difference Learning and TD-Gammon}, author = {Gerald Tesauro}, journal = {Communications of the ACM}, month = {March}, year = 1995, volume = 38, number = 3, url = {http://www.bkgm.com/articles/tesauro/tdl.html}, } @Article{Turing1950, author = {Alan M. Turing}, year = 1950, title = {Computing Machinery and Intelligence}, journal = {Mind}, volume = 49, pages = {433-460}, url = {https://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/471/papers/turing.pdf} } @Book{Winograd1971, author = {Terry Winograd}, title = {Procedures as a representation of data in a computer program for understanding natural language}, publisher = {PhD thesis, Massachusets Institute of Technology}, month = {January}, year = {1971}, url = {http://hci.stanford.edu/winograd/shrdlu/AITR-235.pdf} }